Efficient and Sustainable Ecosystems - 773 Words

Ecosystem Report: Introduction: Ecosystems are everywhere. Any place that contains living and non-living organisms (biotic and abiotic), that share the same space are a community, this is called an ecosystem. An ecosystem can occupy a large space in the environment, or a very small space. To make up an ecosystem, there must be an interrelationship between the abiotic and biotic components in the ecosystem; for example, there must be a series of food-chains in order for the different species to survive in that particular ecosystem. Another definition of an ecosystem is: ‘They consist of all the organisms in a community, their biotic and abiotic environments, and exchanges within and between each of these’ (Knox et al. 2010, p. 128). The purpose of this investigation is to thoroughly study an ecosystem, to expand the knowledge of many who wish to further understand the environment and its components. By completing this investigation it allows for people to understand the importance and needs for having and maintaining healthy ecosystems. For example, ‘Ecosystems provide food both in their natural state...in the form of managed landscapes’ (International Water Management Institute 2011, p. 11). The investigations of ecosystems are vital in today’s society because people can learn how to better treat and take care of them so they are more efficient and sustainable. Methods: Figure 1: This is a map of where the investigation was taken place, and it shows the 2 areas thatShow MoreRelatedReducing Deforestation And The Loss Of Biodiversity1324 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the UN created Sustainable Development Goals during their meeting in New York City from September 25th-27th, there were many targets that were set in order to improve Terrestrial Processes. This was clearly an important issue that the UN felt the need to spend much time on in order to address properly. 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Creating a Reliable Database for Small Business Enterprises Essay

Essays on Creating a Reliable Database for Small Business Enterprises Essay The paper "Creating a Reliable Database for Small Business Enterprises" is an outstanding example of an essay on information technology. Information technology refers to the transfer and access of data through the use of computers. Small business enterprises need to create and design reliable databases for better services and loss minimization. For instance, if a small businessman runs a chain of hotels or has a cafà © offering both take in and take away foods, it is prudent for them to design a database for his products (Reid 13). The logical database design will rely on different entities depending on what the cafà © provides most to its clients. The database should put into consideration customer preferences, price list; door delivery if available and a mode of ordering by the clients from the comfort of their homes. For effectiveness, the database should indicate details of the customers, those who buy takeaway, take in and those who prefer to order from their homes.   The database will play a significant role in the business by creating a strong customer base and increase their loyalty in case the business person decides to give offers in times of special occasions for his clients. The database should contain all the sales of the day, enable a tracking functionality; this helps in reducing loss and theft from employees. The database should also contain all the details of every single employee working in the hotel/cafà © for easier reference (Reid 13). A reliable database for any single small business enterprise will change the dynamics of the venture, and increase customers hence increased profits. It’s a challenging aspect of information technology, but every business person should be encouraged to implement it for the benefit of their businesses.

Importance Purchasing Management

Question: Write a report about the importance of purchase management. Answer: Introduction Purchase management is one of the integral functions of an organization. Purchase management is one of the crucial areas of an organization and involves material management and management of purchasing activities of an organization. It can be seen that an organization involves in purchase, which is critical for its production. Purchase department is responsible for conducting this managerial function and making sure that the purchase is carried out correctly and it is in optimum quality. Purchase management is carried out with the intention of keeping the prices minimum and the cost of department low. The purpose of this management is to critically evaluate the benefit given by supplier and to further improve the relations with the suppliers and develop new suppliers. It is also important for the company to train employees regarding purchase management and stress on the fact that is holds strategic role in escalating the profitability of the company (Baily, 2013). The report is prepared on The Cocoa Trees. The Cocoa Trees is a retail organization dealing in chocolate and confectionary brands. The retail store is a reputed organization functioning in Singapore. It is the largest and biggest distributor and retailer in chocolate and confectionary brands in Singapore. It has more than 70 stores in Singapore and Asia Pacific. The goals and missions of the company are to the biggest and the most notable confectionary brand in Singapore and Asia Pacific. The company intends on being a global organization and embarks on extending the branches beyond the boundaries to other countries to expand the business and strengthen the expansion policies. Achieving high profitability is one of the main objectives. The company strategizes on achieving economies scale to induce low cost and high profit for the company. Expansion policies also positively affect the company. The company receives stiff competition from Ferrero Rocher and Kinder Bueno. Ferrero Rocher gives a strong and stiff competition to the Cocoa Trees. It can be seen that the strongest and the closest rival to The Cocoa Trees are estimated to be Ferrero Rocher, which enjoys a market share of 23%. However, the company is the largest distributor and retailer of chocolate and confectionary products and it can be seen that the company enjoys a competitive and a comparative advantage over its rival. The company deals in products like Fazer, Droste, Daim and Fritt etc. The company deals in a variety of chocolates and confectionary products that are traded around the globe (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2013). Supplier Selection Criterion and Issues Suppliers form one of the most important pillars for an organization. Suppliers are one of the biggest stakeholders of the company. The company relies heavily on suppliers as the production process and the operational activity depend on the supplier. A purchase manager is vested with the responsibilities of making sure that the purchases are made in the right quantity at the correct rate and most importantly from the correct source. There are certain areas that need assessment and evaluation before selecting a suitable supplier for the organization. The Cocoa Trees need to use a Sourcing Hierarchy of Constraints and Criteria to evaluate and assess the supplier selection. There are eight grounds, which need to be assessed before selecting a suitable supplier. Cost: One of the important factors while selecting a supplier is cost. One of the main objectives of the company is profit maximisation and economies of scale. Now in order to get economies of scale, the cost incurred on suppliers need to assessed. Low and reasonable cost is usually preferred by a company in order to keep the cost low. Therefore one of the important factors is cost. This is an important factor from the viewpoint of the company as it heavily depends on economies of scale and low cost to escalate the profitability of the company (Baily, 2013). Quality and Safety: One of the marketing strategies adopted by the company is providing quality products to the consumers and customers (Lu, 2014). Therefore, one area that needs to be assessed is the quality of the materials given by the supplier and the safety quotient attached it. Quality and safety are the two parameters that decide the goodwill and the success of the company. The company deals in the best quality goods and therefore, it is very important to see that the suppliers do provide quality materials that have a good amount safety level attached to it. Employees are one of the biggest stakeholders and the presence of hazardous material develops peril for the employees at workplace and in order to develop a reputation for the company, it is important such areas are assessed and scrutinised. Delivery: One of the important areas of assessment and evaluation for selecting a supplier is the time span involved in the delivery of the material and the convenience provided in the delivery of the material. For an organization, it is important to assess and evaluate, which supplier provides a quick delivery of materials as this increases the time and place utility of the product (Lu, 2014). Service: another important criteria and parameter for an organization to assess is the service provided by the supplier to the organizations. The quality of service provided the supplier reflects the quality of trade that the supplier undertakes. It sheds critical light to the company on choosing between the correct services that deems more appropriate for the organization. The constraints need to be evaluated and strategically assessed. It has to be evaluated whether the constraints and limitations are eligible. Certain areas need to be assessed for selecting suppliers. The previous and past experiences regarding the service and the materials provided by the supplier plays a critical role in assessing the suitable supplier for the organization. The ability of the supplier to meet the necessary quality system and the ability to maintain the sophistication needed in the quality of the materials. It is important for the organization to assess whether the supplier can meet the requirements of the organization and supply it within the delivery schedule. The Cocoa Trees intend on mass scale turnover and also aim at economies of scale. Therefore, it has to choose a supplier that can provide the supply within the time constraints and can also adjust to the varying demands of the organization (Kanapathy et al. 2016). A track record of the supplier and its contribution to the improvement of the business needs to be assessed by the organization. Total cost of dealing with the supplier includes the cost materials, cost of communication, inventory and other related costs need to be assessed and therefore the total cost has to be evaluated before selecting a suitable supplier. It is important for the organization to look after the financial stability of the organization. These are the parameters that need to be assessed before selecting a suitable supplier for an organization. The goals and objectives of the organization need to be assessed, which serves as the framework for selecting a suitable supplier (Monczka et al. 2013). Certain issues like managing suppliers cost needs to be carefully assessed. The company needs to assess whether it will employ Activity Based Costing method or Historical Costing method. All these factors have to be assessed during certain issues, which arise during the evaluation of suppliers. ICT for Purchasing Operations The purchasing goals and objectives of The Cocoa Trees is cost saving and the ability of the organizations to save cost and achieve economies of scale for the organization. The company enjoys a good market share and good brand image. As a result of which, the company follows the policy of providing high quality products and therefore, seeks to procure quality materials for its business. One of the goals and objectives of the organization regarding purchase is resolving issues related to supplier and developing good relationship with suppliers as they are one of the major stakeholders of the organizations. One of the objectives and goals of the purchasing department is maintaining quality and eliminating unethical practices. The main objectives of the purchasing department of The Cocoa Trees is purchasing materials and equipment for the organization, bidding prices and negotiating with the suppliers to achieve a fair and the best deal for the organization, which will reflect on the pr ofitability of the organization (Monczka et al. 2013). The relevance of choosing the correct Information and Communication technologies is important for the organization in reducing wastes and increasing profitability. The ICT that the organization needs to apply is Electronic Data Interchange. This technology states the transmission of messages from one computer system to another without the need of the human effort and follows a specific standard messaging format. It allows different organizations in different countries to exchange information electronically through serial links and peer to peer sharing. It allows the organization to forward the purchase requirements to a supplier electronically. The message given in an EDI contains strings of data that represents a specific fact like price or model number of the product. The entire string is called a data segment. This data segment that is framed by trailer and header form the transaction set that is the message in the EDI. This transaction set resembles to what a business document look like. Thus, it assists in the purchase invoice and the purchase operations of the organizations. This strategy offers good technique for improving the information technology and communication system and also assists the organization sin achieving customer satisfaction. It helps the organization in reducing wastes and achieving high profitability (Fitzsimmons Fitzsimmons, 2013). Thus, Electronic Data Interchange is one of the best techniques in terms of Information and Communication Technology for the organization. Purchasing Cost Analysis The goals and objectives of the purchasing department of the organization is to obtain low cost on purchase and receive best and high quality inputs. Evaluating the goals and objectives of the organization, one can infer that the company seeks to achieve economies of scale for which it requires to procure materials from suppliers at a low cost and achieve high profitability. In order to achieve competitive advantage and maintain a high brand image, it is important for the company to employ correct techniques for estimation and correct evaluation of purchase cost. One of the best costing techniques is Activity Based costing. Activity Based Costing technique is the methodology that recognizes different activities in an organization and assigns cost as per the activities and is based on actual consumption during each activity. Comparison of bids is a useful tool in analysing purchasing cost. The competitive bids refer to the price offered by the suppliers for similar products. The lowest bid is the rational choice. However, the lowest bid is not the lowest cost and the total purchasing cost needs to be assessed in this scenario. The use of suppliers analysis would be useful and beneficial for an organization in these circumstances (Kanapathy et al. 2016). Comparison of previous quotation of purchase price needs to be carried out. Comparing recent quotes with the current quotation might be useful in assessing the price analysis of the product. Inventory analysis is one of the best techniques used for purchase cost analysis. The evaluation of cost of storing materials and the cost of not offering inventory for sale is possible through inventory analysis. It is important for the organization to estimate its current inventory and predict the future inventory level. In this process it will be able to incur the optimum cost for purchase. Thus, one can see that inventory analysis is one of the best methods of evaluating the cost of purchase. Conclusion Thus, on concluding the report, one can see the importance of purchase management. Purchase is noticed as one of the important elements in the operational activity of an organization. In the case of The Cocoa Trees, it is important to evaluate and analyse the purchasing system of the organization.one can see the purchasing goals and objectives of the organization, which is to procure high quality materials at low cost. It can be seen that certain necessary grounds for selecting a supplier is the code of conducts, past records, quality of the material and the delivery time required by the supplier to supply the products. The report highlights the importance of Information and Communication Technology and underlines the importance of Electronic Data Interchange. The importance of better purchase cost analysis is highlighted, which determines the purchase of the materials at the lowest cost. Some of the techniques are cost analysis, including activity based costing technique, inventory and suppliers analysis are some of the important tools for evaluating purchasing costs. Reference List Ancarani, A., Zsidisin, G. A. (2013). Past achievements and future directions for the Journal of Purchasing Supply Management.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,1(19), 1-4 Baily, P. J. (2013).Purchasing and supply management. Springer Barney, J. B. (2012). Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based theory.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(2), 3-6. Bozarth, C. C., Handfield, R. B. (2015).Introduction to operations and supply chain management. Prentice Hall. Fitzsimmons, J., Fitzsimmons, M. (2013).Service management: Operations, strategy, information technology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education Foerstl, K., Hartmann, E., Wynstra, F., Moser, R. (2013). Cross-functional integration and functional coordination in purchasing and supply management: Antecedents and effects on purchasing and firm performance.International Journal of Operations Production Management,33(6), 689-721. Gonzlez-Benito, J., Lannelongue, G., Ferreira, L. M., Gonzalez-Zapatero, C. (2016). The effect of green purchasing on purchasing performance: the moderating role played by long-term relationships and strategic integration.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,31(2), 312-324. Kanapathy, K., Yee, G. W., Zailani, S., Aghapour, A. H. (2016). An intra-regional comparison on RoHS practices for green purchasing management among electrical and electronics SMEs in Southeast Asia.International Journal of Procurement Management,9(3), 249-271. Lu, A. C. (2014). Research on Enterprise Architecture of Purchasing Management. Miemczyk, J., Johnsen, T. E., Macquet, M. (2012). Sustainable purchasing and supply management: a structured literature review of definitions and measures at the dyad, chain and network levels.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(5), 478-496 Monczka, R., Handfield, R., Giunipero, L., Patterson, J. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Rodrigues, S. L., de Oliveira Sousa, J. V. (2015). BUSINESS PROCESSES MODELING: A STUDY ON THE PROCESS OF PURCHASING MANAGEMENT IN PHARMACEUTICAL PRIVATE NETWORK HOSPITAL TERESINA-PI.REVISTA DE GESTAO EM SISTEMAS DE SAUDE-RGSS,4(1), 83-99. Schweiger, J. (2016). Concept of a Purchasing and Supply Management Maturity Framework. InSupply Management Research(pp. 153-176). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Spina, G., Caniato, F., Luzzini, D., Ronchi, S. (2013). Past, present and future trends of purchasing and supply management: An extensive literature review.Industrial Marketing Management,42(8), 1202-1212. Weele, A. J., Raaij, E. M. (2014). The future of purchasing and supply management research: About relevance and rigor.Journal of Supply Chain Management,50(1), 56-72. Zhang, M., Cui, J. (2016). A quantitative description of complex adaptive system: The self-adaptive mechanism of the material purchasing management system towards the changing environment.Journal of Systems Science and Complexity,29(1), 151-170.

Political Science Federal Level

Question: Discuss about thePolitical Sciencefor Federal Level. Answer: Introduction A structural deficit in Canada has its existence, but only at the provincial level and not at the federal level. The provinces in Canada are in desperate needs of revenues as they have hit low rates of interest and steady growth in most of the country whereas the federal government is scoring high. Firstly, in Canada, the federal echelon of government has ability above areas of law that normally influences the total country like railways, patents, census and the interprovincial trade regulation. In case of provincial law, each has its own legislature and is accountable for areas of law that are programmed under the Constitution Act, 1867. The provincial governments cannot shift their authority to the federal government, though delegation of the administration of one of their dependability can be offered to federal agency (Argy, Victor E., and Nevile). Different layers of government are governing Canada where the federal government has been portrayed as constitutionally autonomous. Secondly, the territories in Canada are created by federal law, which results in the crown lands in territories being preserved by the federal government in the Canadian rights (LeDuc, Lawrence, and Pammett). It differs from provinces on the basis, which takes hold of the provincial lands in the Crown in the provincial rights. Thirdly, federal governments in Canada need more powers to be effective in the whole country in things like immigration and citizens whereas provincial takes account of education and health sector (Watts and Ronald). However, Canadas provincial governments have been struggling lately of debts and deficits unlike their federal counterparts. The Canadian economy has been performing better than anyone expected. It has adopted a more balanced budget law reinforcing its message that structural deficits did not come back. The fact that the Government of Ontario at present borrows around $20 billion dollar per year regardless of its own impartial budget law depicting the easy ways through which rules are contravened. The federal budget would remain unbiased not because of the law, as because the government has restricted the liability in future for transfers in health care and obligations related to pensions and begun the extended, tough procedure of reining in the employee compensation. It can be concluded that the federal government needs to have more power for a better Canada. Reference: Argy, Victor E., and John Nevile, eds.Inflation and Unemployment: Theory, Experience and Policy Making. Routledge, 2016. LeDuc, Lawrence, and Jon H. Pammett. "Attitudes toward Democratic Norms and Practices: Canada in Comparative Perspective."Canadian Democracy from the Ground Up: Perceptions and Performance(2014): 22. Watts, Ronald L. "Comparing Federal Political Systems."Understanding Federalism and Federation(2015): 11

School UniformsPro Essays - Uniforms, Childrens Clothing

School Uniforms:Pro SCHOOL UNIFORMS In recent years the face of public schools has changed drastically. Our schools were always intended to be a place where the students could go and learn in a safe and secure environment. Unfortunately for us, the times have changed; discipline, safety and security in our public schools have all fallen by the wayside. Today, our children are faced with the growing threat of violence and crime in their classrooms. In aspirations of bringing back the essential requirements for education in the classroom numerous parents, teachers, and school officials have come to conclusion that requiring school uniforms is a clear-cut step in reversing the downward trend of our schools. The majority feel that school uniforms will help expedite the effort to guide our schools back in the right direction. The implementation of school uniforms has the potential to help bring under control the disciplinary problems found in our schools, and it can do so in many ways. It could end the needless violence that occurs from the strong-arm robberies and thefts at our schools. These senseless acts largely occur due to the designer clothing, expensive jewelry, and high cost brand name footwear that are being worn to class. Uniforms can furthermore help deter the display of gang activity in the school. The simple logic behind this is, gangs would not be permitted to wear their gang colors during school because of the uniform regulations. School uniforms could also help deter the trend of cutting class or skipping school. Because if students were outfitted in mandatory school uniforms, they could be easily recognized outside the school grounds during the normal school day. Thereby eliminating the temptation to leave school grounds unless authorized to do so. The increasingly difficult task of school safety could be, without a doubt, greatly enhanced by the use of school uniforms. The increase in school security could be seen instantaneously since the school administration and teachers would be able to identify, by sight, who is and who is not supposed to be permitted on campus. Subsequently by implementing the mandatory wearing of school uniforms, the chances of having intruders wander into school would be significantly diminished. We also have to look at the possible ways school uniforms could improve the students learning environment and also allow students to concentrate on their need for academic success while in school. The requirement of school uniforms contribute to eliminating the apparent student fashion barriers that are present when some students cant meet the expense of keeping up with the Joneses. This could come about because uniforms contribute in eliminating the socioeconomic line found throughout the student population. By doing so, the students would be more fairly judged by their peers and teachers alike on their scholastic abilities and personalities instead of by the designer clothes they wear. They can also help bring an end to the conflict between parent and child as to what is appropriate to wear to school. The opponents of school uniforms will state that school uniforms will restrict an individuals choice of self-expression. They will furthermore imply that school uniforms dont take into account the religious, cultural, or physical differences of the individual. The issues brought up in the oppositions viewpoint may merit some consideration when debating what we need to do concerning the implementation of school uniforms. However, we must ensure their concerns are well founded. Its our duty to look at all the benefits that will be gained from school uniforms and weigh the good they can do so that we can make the choice that will most benefit our students and teachers. We have now been better informed about some of the good points and concerns on the issue of school uniforms. The information has been presented on how school uniforms can help restore the discipline, safety and security thats lacking today in our public schools. The information given has informed you as to how the implementation of school uniforms would help turn our schools back into the places where students go an learn in a safe and secure environment. Now that the facts have been presented it is up to us as decision makers and leaders in the community to do the

The Great Gatsby & Hollow Men essays

The Great Gatsby & Hollow Men essays The Great Gatsby has been one of the classic novels of the twentieth century. It creates a unique society that makes the story such a masterpiece. Another magnificent work that relates to The Great Gatsby is T.S. Eliots The Hollow Man. The lines in the poem portray the story so vividly that it should have been an epigraph for the novel. The poems references to hollow and stuffed men, can describe different characters in The Great Gatsby. The hollowness of men represents ruthless barbarians with no respect for humans and no understanding of love. However, the stuffed men seem to be educated, wealthy, and respectful. The differences in these types of men can be seen through the events of the novel. Another aspect of the poem that represents the novel is the idea of the paralyzed force. This force symbolizes freedom and uniqueness. It also is captivating and serves as authority. So, the similarities between The Great Gatsby and The Hollow Men remarkably show the hollow and stuffed chara cteristic of the people in Gatsbys secret society. The first similarity between the two pieces of work is the hollowness in mankind referred to by the poem. In the novel there are two main characters that depict such hollowness. The antagonistic character of Tom Buchanan represents the ruthless and careless American whose dream is to use women and acquire money. In addition he has no respect towards others, which creates pain for people around him. An example of this is when Myrtle repeatedly uttered his wifes name, which was Daisy. Tom took this as an insult and viciously punched her in the nose. He never took into consideration that hitting a woman is uncivilized. Another quality he has is to flaunt his wealth in other peoples faces. This can be seen when he takes Nick around his colossal house. Tom wants others to feel jealous of his riches, when he is actually jealous of the others around him. Th...

Psychological and Psychoanalytical Aspects of Individual and Group Essay

Psychological and Psychoanalytical Aspects of Individual and Group Behaviour - Essay Example My diary work will follow a conglomeration of the attributes namely that of apprehension, leadership, psychological agreement, psychological development as well as transference. The sole motive behind selecting these issues is due to my belief that these issues will be affecting me enormously in both the sporting environment as well as an employment environment I obtained realization of the fact that interaction with the people is of great importance in life whether it be the people whom I have known well as well as those with whom I had very little interactions. In this respect the ushering of the group behavior provides us the scope for the development of individual behavior and problems of the society to the greatest possible extents. These problems are solved to the greater possible extent with the help of effective solutions which are applied most efficiently by the society under consideration in accordance with the opinions of people of the society. For expanding the horizon of my knowledge on these topics I concentrated on to the specific Freudian techniques for a transparent understanding. The knowledge associated with the psychological agreement has immensely benefitted me and I have become much more conscious about the fact that as psychological indenture is unwritten it can put stress on the workers and turmoil their presentation. This bears significant importance for me in the study of such an agreement as I am currently studying it and it may need longer study hours as what I consider my agreement to be possibly will not be reciprocally decided within the psychological agreement and hence it permits me to support myself for some displeasures if ever created upon such a situation. An instance of the psychological agreement within my profession as an assistance of a makeup artist is that my work manager might anticipate a certain customary of performance as she disburses for me and others as well to work. Now if I fail to convene the demanding volume of physical task it might lead to greater level of stress for me as well as in return permit the manager to conclude my working environment. I will be truthful and reveal the fact that my view of devolution was to disregard such a notion as I realised that I have provided people an opportunity before I made my mind clear up regarding their kind of character. Along with this, the notion completely disregards this view. This was merely a week previous to the first coursework where I have decided to assess my personal preference map as well my perception about the distinction of the authoritative shapes throughout my years. I can clearly state that change is a prime parameter within the domain of psychoanalysis as well as psychological field. This gets reflected in my opinion as an instance where I recognize the manager of the makeup company as my guide with the help of the use of change. I depict the coach as my guide because of the fact that the resemblances between them are eerie o r because of the fact that I am guided to think. My manager might be argued to be considerate, kind as well as understanding. Analysis of my manager resulted in inferring an ideal conclusion that these are several forms of changes where I have distinguished my manager just like my guide under the purview of change. The whole thought of

Global Enterprise and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Enterprise and Innovation - Essay Example Sony Corporation restructured and realigned their U.S. business portfolio. The company also recorded gains related to the corporate restructuring improvements in operating results of their Devices and Financial services segments. Sony took measures to accelerate decision making and execution with management and across all departments, allowing Sony to be better equipped for the challenges of the industry. I think Sony has achieved a satisfactory outcome through their corporate restructuring efforts so far and creating new growth opportunities through acquisitions. In terms of future growth Sony will need to focus on their core electronics business (mobile, gaming, imaging) continued innovation, process improvement and providing cutting edge products that their customers need and want. Their operational focus will continue a key component in achieving continued profitability and financial growth for the company and their stakeholders. In general Sony can utilize the same operational philosophy can be used to improve operational results in all markets where it competes. It is imperative that the company achieve long-term results with their operational improvements and new business initiatives. Sony aims to achieve stable, repeatable, long-term improvements in their operations in order to determine the viability of any new business initiative, acquisition or process improvements. It is the goal of the company to achieve stable, repeatable and transferable operating results in order to achieve good operating results when entering new markets or operating

Theoretical Skirmish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Theoretical Skirmish - Essay Example 115), while Condit did not clearly define the term, but stated that hegemony resisted â€Å"the exclusive and narrow focus on the economic base that pervaded earlier Marxist theories† (Condit, 1994, p. 206). Condit stated that the earlier Marxist theories held that in capitalism, dominant classes imposed their capitalism ideology on the working class, and that, since capitalism flourished around the globe, while Marxism failed, the ideology had to have been spread by â€Å"coercive military force of the State proper and the leadership exerted in the civil society on behalf of the world view of the group in power† (Condit, 1994, p. 206). In other words, according to this theory, capitalism is maintained in these societies by coercion and by leadership. The leaders must have allies with whom they have active assent, while also maintaining passive assent from the governed. In this way, there is a distinction between power and leading – power is something that a person obtains, while leading is the quality the person exerts. It is this latter quality that stabilizes a society. Leading takes into account that there are a spectrum of interests in the populace, and that the leadi ng groups interest is not the only one. If a society does not take this into account, but, rather, that the leader merely dictates his own worldview on the populace, this is dominating, as opposed to leading, and this results in â€Å"dictatorship without hegemony† (Condit, 1994, p. 207). Thus, hegemony is defined as a way to stabilize society by generating some kind of consent by the populace to the ideological bent of the leader. Condit and Cloud take slightly different tacts in illustrating the concept of hegemony, however. Condit states that hegemony in the United States is accomplished by concordance. In pre-industrial societies, hegemony was accomplished in a different way. Because these societies were more

Literature Review On Social Networking Media Essay

Literature Review On Social Networking Media Essay The way people live these days is definitely different than the previous, people now tend to share their daily life events, news and even feelings and emotions with others. Social networks site (SNSs) has provided the facility of enabling them to do so. The Social Data Revolution (SDR) is the shift in human communication patterns towards increased personal information sharing and its related implications, made possible by the rise of social networks in early 2000s. While social networks were used in the early days to privately share photos and private messages, the subsequent trend towards people passively and actively sharing personal information more broadly has resulted in unprecedented amounts of public data. Janet Fouts in her book defines the social media as people engaged in conversation around a topic online. (Fouts, 2009). Her definition is a generalization to the whole topic, so there is another definition by (Boyed and Ellison, 2007) that is Social network sites are defined as wed-based services that allow individuals to three main points the first is to construct a public or semi-public profile within a system, the second is to formulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and the third is to view and cutoff their list of connections and those made by others within the system. This definition describes in specific the way people connect through the social network sites, and the nature and classification of these connections may vary from site to site. While we use the term social network site to describe this phenomenon, the term social networking sites also appears in public discourse, and the two terms are often used interchangeably. We chose not to employ the term networking for two reasons: emphasis and scope. Networking emphasizes relationship initiation, often between strangers. While networking is possible on these sites, it is not the primary practice on many of them, nor is it what differentiates them from other forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC). The term social network site is interchangeably used with the term social networking site, but they are not the same. The term networking somehow refers to the Or just remove the whole paragraph!! What makes social network sites unique is not that they allow individuals to meet strangers, but rather that they enable users to articulate and make visible their social networks. This can result in connections between individuals that would not otherwise be made, but that is often not the goal, and these meetings are frequently between latent ties (Haythornthwaite, 2005) who share some offline connection. On many of the large SNSs, participants are not necessarily networking or looking to meet new people; instead, they are primarily communicating with people who are already a part of their extended social network. To emphasize this articulated social network as a critical organizing feature of these sites, we label them social network sites. While SNSs have implemented a wide variety of technical features, their backbone consists of visible profiles that display a clear list of Friends who are also users of the system. Profiles are unique pages where one can type oneself into being (Sundà ©n, 2003, p. 3). After joining an SNS, an individual is asked to fill out forms containing a series of questions. The profile is generated using the answers to these questions, which typically include descriptors such as age, location, interests, and an about me section. Most sites also encourage users to upload a profile photo. Some sites allow users to enhance their profiles by adding multimedia content or modifying their profiles look and feel. Others, such as Facebook and twitter, allow users to add modules (Applications) that enhance their profile. The visibility of a profile varies by site and according to user discretion. By default, profiles on Friendster and Tribe.net are crawled by search engines, making them visible to anyone, regardless of whether or not the viewer has an account. Alternatively, LinkedIn controls what a viewer may see based on whether she or he has a paid account. Sites like MySpace allow users to choose whether they want their profile to be public or Friends only. Facebook takes a different approach-by default, users who are part of the same network can view each others profiles, unless a profile owner has decided to deny permission to those in their network. Structural variations around visibility and access are one of the primary ways that SNSs differentiate themselves from each other. After joining a social network site, users are prompted to identify others in the system with whom they have a relationship. The label for these relationships differs depending on the site-popular terms include Friends, Contacts, and Fans. Most SNSs require bi-directional confirmation for Friendship, but some do not. These one-directional ties are sometimes labeled as Fans or Followers, but many sites call these Friends as well. The term Friends can be misleading, because the connection does not necessarily mean friendship in the everyday vernacular sense, and the reasons people connect are varied (boyd, 2006a). The public display of connections is a crucial component of SNSs. The Friends list contains links to each Friends profile, enabling viewers to navigate the network graph by clicking through the Friends lists. On most sites, the list of Friends is visible to anyone who is permitted to view the profile, although there are exceptions. For instance, some MySpace users have hacked their profiles to hide the Friends display, and LinkedIn allows users to opt out of displaying their network. Most SNSs also provide a mechanism for users to leave messages on their Friends profiles. This feature typically involves leaving comments, although sites employ various labels for this feature. In addition, SNSs often have a private messaging feature similar to webmail. While both private messages and comments are popular on most of the major SNSs, they are not universally available. Not all social network sites began as such. QQ started as a Chinese instant messaging service, LunarStorm as a community site, Cyworld as a Korean discussion forum tool, and Skyrock (formerly Skyblog) was a French blogging service before adding SNS features. Classmates.com, a directory of school affiliates launched in 1995, began supporting articulated lists of Friends after SNSs became popular. AsianAvenue, MiGente, and BlackPlanet were early popular ethnic community sites with limited Friends functionality before re-launching in 2005-2006 with SNS features and structure. Beyond profiles, Friends, comments, and private messaging, SNSs vary greatly in their features and user base. Some have photo-sharing or video-sharing capabilities; others have built-in blogging and instant messaging technology. There are mobile-specific SNSs (e.g., Dodgeball), but some web-based SNSs also support limited mobile interactions (e.g., Facebook, MySpace, and Cyworld). Many SNSs target people from specific geographical regions or linguistic groups, although this does not always determine the sites community. Orkut, for example, was launched in the United States with an English-only interface, but Portuguese-speaking Brazilians quickly became the dominant user group (Kopytoff, 2004). Some sites are designed with specific ethnic, religious, sexual orientation, political, or other identity-driven categories in mind. There are even SNSs for dogs (Dogster) and cats (Catster), although their owners must manage their profiles. While SNSs are often designed to be widely accessible, many attract homogeneous populations initially, so it is not uncommon to find groups using sites to separate themselves out by nationality, age, educational level, or other factors that typically segment society (Hargittai, 2008), even if that was not the intention of the designers. A History of Social Network Sites The Early Years The first recognizable social network site launched in 1997. SixDegrees.com allowed users to create profiles, list their Friends and, beginning in 1998, surf the Friends lists. Each of these features existed in some form before SixDegrees of course. Profiles existed on most major dating sites and many community sites. AIM and ICQ buddy lists supported lists of Friends, although those Friends were not visible to others. Classmates.com allowed people to connect with their high school or college and surf the network for others who were also joined, but users could not create profiles or list Friends until years later. The first to combine these features was SixDegrees. SixDegrees promoted itself as a tool to help people connect with and send messages to others. While SixDegrees attracted millions of users, it failed to continue, the service closed in 2000. Looking back, its founder believes that SixDegrees was simply ahead of its time (A. Weinreich, personal communication, July 11, 2007). While people were already flocking to the Internet, most did not have extended networks of friends who were online. Early adopters complained that there was little to do after accepting Friend requests, and most users were not interested in meeting strangers. From 1997 to 2001, a number of community tools began supporting various combinations of profiles and publicly articulated Friends. AsianAvenue, BlackPlanet, and MiGente allowed users to create personal, professional, and dating profiles, users could identify Friends on their personal profiles without seeking approval for those connections (O. Wasow, personal communication, August 16, 2007). Likewise, shortly after its launch in 1999, LiveJournal listed one-directional connections on user pages. People mark others as Friends to follow their journals and manage privacy settings. The Korean virtual worlds site Cyworld was started in 1999 and added SNS features in 2001, independent of these other sites (see Kim Yun, this issue)*come back to this ref. Likewise, when the Swedish web community LunarStorm refashioned itself as an SNS in 2000, it contained Friends lists, guestbooks, and diary pages (D. Skog, personal communication, September 24, 2007). Ryze.com was the beginning of the next wave of SNSs, it was launched in 2001 to help people control their business networks. Ryzes founder reports that he first introduced the site to his friends, primarily members of the San Francisco business and technology community, including the entrepreneurs and investors behind many future SNSs (A. Scott, personal communication, June 14, 2007)*revise this ref. In particular, the people behind Ryze, Tribe.net, LinkedIn, and Friendster were tightly interrelated personally and professionally. They believed that they could support each other without competing (Festa, 2003). In the end, Ryze never acquired mass popularity, Tribe.net grew to attract a passionate niche user base, LinkedIn became a powerful business service, and Friendster became the most significant, if only as one of the biggest disappointments in Internet history (Chafkin, 2007, p. 1). Figure 1. Distribution of work task interruption Figure 1. Timeline of the launch dates of many major SNSs and dates when community sites re-launched with SNS features That was a brief history of the general SNSs. The following section discusses Friendster, MySpace, and Facebook those are the three key SNSs that has shaped the business, cultural, and research background. The Rise (and Fall) of Friendster Friendster launched in 2002 as a social complement to Ryze. It was designed to compete with Match.com, a profitable online dating site (Cohen, 2003). While most dating sites focused on introducing people to strangers with similar interests, Friendster was designed to help friends-of-friends meet, based on the assumption that friends-of-friends would make better romantic partners than would strangers. Friendster gained trust among three groups of early adopters who shaped the site-bloggers, attendees of the Burning Man arts festival (Who are these?), and gay men (boyd, 2004)-and grew to 300,000 users through word of mouth before traditional press coverage began in May 2003 (OShea, 2003). *find this ref and try to make changes to the prev. paragraph As Friendsters popularity raised, the site encountered technical and social difficulties (boyd, 2006b). Friendsters databases and servers were not well equipped to handle its fast growth, and the site faded out regularly, that caused frustrating users who replaced email with Friendster. ** rephrase this paragraph à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" Because organic growth had been critical to creating a coherent community, the onslaught of new users who learned about the site from media coverage upset the cultural balance. Furthermore, exponential growth meant a collapse in social contexts: Users had to face their bosses and former classmates alongside their close friends. To complicate matters, Friendster began restricting the activities of its most passionate users. The initial design of Friendster restricted users from viewing profiles of people who were more than four degrees away (friends-of-friends-of-friends-of-friends). In order to view additional profiles, users began adding acquaintances and interesting-looking strangers to expand their reach. Some began massively collecting Friends, an activity that was implicitly encouraged through a most popular feature. The ultimate collectors were fake profiles representing iconic fictional characters: celebrities, concepts, and other such entities. These Fakesters outraged the company, who banished fake profiles and eliminated the most popular feature (boyd, in press-b). While few people actually created Fakesters, many more enjoyed surfing Fakesters for entertainment or using functional Fakesters (e.g., Brown University) to find people they knew. The active deletion of Fakesters (and genuine users who chose non-realistic photos) signaled to some that the company did not share users interests. Many early adopters left because of the combination of technical difficulties, social collisions, and a rupture of trust between users and the site (boyd, 2006b). However, at the same time that it was fading in the U.S., its popularity skyrocketed in the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Goldberg, 2007). SNSs Hit the Mainstream From 2003 onward, many new SNSs were launched, prompting social software analyst Clay Shirky (2003) to coin the term YASNS: Yet Another Social Networking Service. Most took the form of profile-centric sites, trying to replicate the early success of Friendster or target specific demographics. While socially-organized SNSs solicit broad audiences, professional sites such as LinkedIn, Visible Path, and Xing (formerly openBC) focus on business people. Passion-centric SNSs like Dogster (T. Rheingold, personal communication, August 2, 2007) help strangers connect based on shared interests. Care2 helps activists meet, Couchsurfing connects travelers to people with couches, and MyChurch joins Christian churches and their members. Furthermore, as the social media and user-generated content phenomena grew, websites focused on media sharing began implementing SNS features and becoming SNSs themselves. Examples include Flickr (photo sharing), Last.FM (music listening habits), and YouTube (video sharing). With the plethora of venture-backed startups launching in Silicon Valley, few people paid attention to SNSs that gained popularity elsewhere, even those built by major corporations. For example, Googles Orkut failed to build a sustainable U.S. user base, but a Brazilian invasion (Fragoso, 2006) made Orkut the national SNS of Brazil. Microsofts Windows Live Spaces (a.k.a. MSN Spaces) also launched to lukewarm U.S. reception but became extremely popular elsewhere. Few analysts or journalists noticed when MySpace launched in Santa Monica, California, hundreds of miles from Silicon Valley. MySpace was begun in 2003 to compete with sites like Friendster, Xanga, and AsianAvenue, according to co-founder Tom Anderson (personal communication, August 2, 2007); the founders wanted to attract estranged Friendster users (T. Anderson, personal communication, February 2, 2006). After rumors emerged that Friendster would adopt a fee-based system, users posted Friendster messages encouraging people to join alternate SNSs, including Tribe.net and MySpace (T. Anderson, personal communication, August 2, 2007). Because of this, MySpace was able to grow rapidly by capitalizing on Friendsters alienation of its early adopters. One particularly notable group that encouraged others to switch were indie-rock bands who were expelled from Friendster for failing to comply with profile regulations. While MySpace was not launched with bands in mind, they were welcomed. Indie-rock bands from the Los Angeles region began creating profiles, and local promoters used MySpace to advertise VIP passes for popular clubs. Intrigued, MySpace contacted local musicians to see how they could support them (T. Anderson, personal communication, September 28, 2006). Bands were not the sole source of MySpace growth, but the symbiotic relationship between bands and fans helped MySpace expand beyond former Friendster users. The bands-and-fans dynamic was mutually beneficial: Bands wanted to be able to contact fans, while fans desired attention from their favorite bands and used Friend connections to signal identity and affiliation. Futhermore, MySpace differentiated itself by regularly adding features based on user demand (boyd, 2006b) and by allowing users to personalize their pages. This feature emerged because MySpace did not restrict users from adding HTML into the forms that framed their profiles; a copy/paste code culture emerged on the web to support users in generating unique MySpace backgrounds and layouts (Perkel, in press). Teenagers began joining MySpace en masse in 2004. Unlike older users, most teens were never on Friendster-some joined because they wanted to connect with their favorite bands; others were introduced to the site through older family members. As teens began signing up, they encouraged their friends to join. Rather than rejecting underage users, MySpace changed its user policy to allow minors. As the site grew, three distinct populations began to form: musicians/artists, teenagers, and the post-college urban social crowd. By and large, the latter two groups did not interact with one another except through bands. Because of the lack of mainstream press coverage during 2004, few others noticed the sites growing popularity. Then, in July 2005, News Corporation purchased MySpace for $580 million (BBC, 2005), attracting massive media attention. Afterwards, safety issues plagued MySpace. The site was implicated in a series of sexual interactions between adults and minors, prompting legal action (Consumer Affairs, 2006). A moral panic concerning sexual predators quickly spread (Bahney, 2006), although research suggests that the concerns were exaggerated. A Global Phenomenon While MySpace attracted the majority of media attention in the U.S. and abroad, SNSs were proliferating and growing in popularity worldwide. Friendster gained traction in the Pacific Islands, Orkut became the premier SNS in Brazil before growing rapidly in India (Madhavan, 2007), Mixi attained widespread adoption in Japan, LunarStorm took off in Sweden, Dutch users embraced Hyves, Grono captured Poland, Hi5 was adopted in smaller countries in Latin America, South America, and Europe, and Bebo became very popular in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia. Additionally, previously popular communication and community services began implementing SNS features. The Chinese QQ instant messaging service instantly became the largest SNS worldwide when it added profiles and made friends visible (McLeod, 2006), while the forum tool Cyworld cornered the Korean market by introducing homepages and buddies (Ewers, 2006). Blogging services with complete SNS features also became popular. In the U.S., blogging tools with SNS features, such as Xanga, LiveJournal, and Vox, attracted broad audiences. Skyrock reigns in France, and Windows Live Spaces dominates numerous markets worldwide, including in Mexico, Italy, and Spain. Although SNSs like QQ, Orkut, and Live Spaces are just as large as, if not larger than, MySpace, they receive little coverage in U.S. and English-speaking media, making it difficult to track their trajectories. Expanding Niche Communities Alongside these open services, other SNSs launched to support niche demographics before expanding to a broader audience. Unlike previous SNSs, Facebook was designed to support distinct college networks only. Facebook began in early 2004 as a Harvard-only SNS (Cassidy, 2006). To join, a user had to have a harvard.edu email address. As Facebook began supporting other schools, those users were also required to have university email addresses associated with those institutions, a requirement that kept the site relatively closed and contributed to users perceptions of the site as an intimate, private community. Beginning in September 2005, Facebook expanded to include high school students, professionals inside corporate networks, and, eventually, everyone. The change to open signup did not mean that new users could easily access users in closed networks-gaining access to corporate networks still required the appropriate .com address, while gaining access to high school networks required administrator approval. (As of this writing, only membership in regional networks requires no permission.) Unlike other SNSs, Facebook users are unable to make their full profiles public to all users. Another feature that differentiates Facebook is the ability for outside developers to build Applications which allow users to personalize their profiles and perform other tasks, such as compare movie preferences and chart travel histories. While most SNSs focus on growing broadly and exponentially, others explicitly seek narrower audiences. Some, like aSmallWorld and BeautifulPeople, intentionally restrict access to appear selective and elite. Others-activity-centered sites like Couchsurfing, identity-driven sites like BlackPlanet, and affiliation-focused sites like MyChurch-are limited by their target demographic and thus tend to be smaller. Finally, anyone who wishes to create a niche social network site can do so on Ning, a platform and hosting service that encourages users to create their own SNSs. Currently, there are no reliable data regarding how many people use SNSs, although marketing research indicates that SNSs are growing in popularity worldwide (comScore, 2007). This growth has prompted many corporations to invest time and money in creating, purchasing, promoting, and advertising SNSs. At the same time, other companies are blocking their employees from accessing the sites. Additionally, the U.S. military banned soldiers from accessing MySpace (Frosch, 2007) and the Canadian government prohibited employees from Facebook (Benzie, 2007), while the U.S. Congress has proposed legislation to ban youth from accessing SNSs in schools and libraries (H.R. 5319, 2006; S. 49, 2007). The rise of SNSs indicates a shift in the organization of online communities. While websites dedicated to communities of interest still exist and prosper, SNSs are primarily organized around people, not interests. Early public online communities such as Usenet and public discussion forums were structured by topics or according to topical hierarchies, but social network sites are structured as personal (or egocentric) networks, with the individual at the center of their own community. This more accurately mirrors unmediated social structures, where the world is composed of networks, not groups (Wellman, 1988, p. 37). The introduction of SNS features has introduced a new organizational framework for online communities, and with it, a vibrant new research context. Previous Scholarship Scholarship concerning SNSs is emerging from diverse disciplinary and methodological traditions, addresses a range of topics, and builds on a large body of CMC research. The goal of this section is to survey research that is directly concerned with social network sites, and in so doing, to set the stage for the articles in this special issue. To date, the bulk of SNS research has focused on impression management and friendship performance, networks and network structure, online/offline connections, and privacy issues. Impression Management and Friendship Performance Like other online contexts in which individuals are consciously able to construct an online representation of self-such as online dating profiles and MUDS-SNSs constitute an important research context for scholars investigating processes of impression management, self-presentation, and friendship performance. In one of the earliest academic articles on SNSs, boyd (2004) examined Friendster as a locus of publicly articulated social networks that allowed users to negotiate presentations of self and connect with others. Donath and boyd (2004) extended this to suggest that public displays of connection serve as important identity signals that help people navigate the networked social world, in that an extended network may serve to validate identity information presented in profiles. While most sites encourage users to construct accurate representations of themselves, participants do this to varying degrees. Marwick (2005) found that users on three different SNSs had complex strategies for negotiating the rigidity of a prescribed authentic profile, while boyd (in press-b) examined the phenomenon of Fakesters and argued that profiles could never be real. The extent to which portraits are authentic or playful varies across sites; both social and technological forces shape user practices. Skog (2005) found that the status feature on LunarStorm strongly influenced how people behaved and what they choose to reveal-profiles there indicate ones status as measured by activity (e.g., sending messages) and indicators of authenticity (e.g., using a real photo instead of a drawing). Another aspect of self-presentation is the articulation of friendship links, which serve as identity markers for the profile owner. Impression management is one of the reasons given by Friendster users for choosing particular friends (Donath boyd, 2004). Recognizing this, Zinman and Donath (2007) noted that MySpace spammers leverage peoples willingness to connect to interesting people to find targets for their spam. In their examination of LiveJournal friendship, Fono and Raynes-Goldie (2006) described users understandings regarding public displays of connections and how the Friending function can operate as a catalyst for social drama. In listing user motivations for Friending, boyd (2006a) points out that Friends on SNSs are not the same as friends in the everyday sense; instead, Friends provide context by offering users an imagined audience to guide behavioral norms. Other work in this area has examined the use of Friendster Testimonials as self-presentational devices (boyd Heer, 2006) and the extent to which the attractiveness of ones Friends (as indicated by Facebooks Wall feature) impacts impression formation (Walther, Van Der Heide, Kim, Westerman, in press). Networks and Network Structure Social network sites also provide rich sources of naturalistic behavioral data. Profile and linkage data from SNSs can be gathered either through the use of automated collection techniques or through datasets provided directly from the company, enabling network analysis researchers to explore large-scale patterns of friending, usage, and other visible indicators (Hogan, in press), and continuing an analysis trend that started with examinations of blogs and other websites. For instance, Golder, Wilkinson, and Huberman (2007) examined an anonymized dataset consisting of 362 million messages exchanged by over four million Facebook users for insight into Friending and messaging activities. Lampe, Ellison, and Steinfield (2007) explored the relationship between profile elements and number of Facebook friends, finding that profile fields that reduce transaction costs and are harder to falsify are most likely to be associated with larger number of friendship links. These kinds of data also lend themselves well to analysis through network visualization (Adamic, Bà ¼yà ¼kkà ¶kten, Adar, 2003; Heer boyd, 2005; Paolillo Wright, 2005). SNS researchers have also studied the network structure of Friendship. Analyzing the roles people played in the growth of Flickr and Yahoo! 360s networks, Kumar, Novak, and Tomkins (2006) argued that there are passive members, inviters, and linkers who fully participate in the social evolution of the network (p. 1). Scholarship concerning LiveJournals network has included a Friendship classification scheme (Hsu, Lancaster, Paradesi, Weniger, 2007), an analysis of the role of language in the topology of Friendship (Herring et al., 2007), research into the importance of geography in Friending (Liben-Nowell, Novak, Kumar, Raghavan, Tomkins, 2005), and studies on what motivates people to join particular communities (Backstrom, Huttenlocher, Kleinberg, Lan, 2006). Based on Orkut data, Spertus, Sahami, and Bà ¼yà ¼kkà ¶kten (2005) identified a topology of users through their membership in certain communities; they suggest that sites can use this to recommend additional communities of interest to users. Finally, Liu, Maes, and Davenport (2006) argued that Friend connections are not the only network structure worth investigating. They examined the ways in which the performance of tastes (favorite music, books, film, etc.) constitutes an alternate network structure, which they call a taste fabric. Bridging Online and Offline Social Networks Although exceptions exist, the available research suggests that most SNSs primarily support pre-existing social relations. Ellison, Steinfield, and Lampe (2007) suggest that Facebook is used to maintain existing offline relationships or solidify offline connections, as opposed to meeting new people. These relationships may be weak ties, but typically there is some common offline element among individuals who friend one another, such as a shared class at school. This is one of the chief dimensions that differentiate SNSs from earlier forms of public CMC such as newsgroups (Ellison et al., 2007). Research in this vein has investigated how online interactions interface with offline ones. For instance, Lampe, Ellison, and Steinfield (2006) found that Facebook users engage in searching for people with whom they have an offline connection more than they browse for complete strangers to meet. Likewise, Pew research found that 91% of U.S. teens who use SNSs do so to connect with friends (Len hart Madden, 2007). Given that SNSs enable individuals to connect with one another, it is not surprising that they have become deeply embedded in users lives. In Korea, Cyworld has become an integral part of everyday life-Choi (2006) found that 85% of that studys respondents listed the maintenance and reinforcement of pre-existing social networks as their main motive for Cyworld use (p. 181). Likewise, boyd (2008) argues that MySpace and Facebook enable U.S. youth to socialize with their friends even when they are unable to gather in unmediated situations; she argues that SNSs are networked publics that support sociability, just as unmediated public spaces do. Privacy Popular press coverage of SNSs has emphasized potential privacy concerns, primarily concerning the safety of younger users (George, 2006; Kornblum Marklein, 2006). Researchers have investigated th

The Great Depression in America Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression was a time of total despair. Years of economic downturn not only affected the United States but may European countries as well. Americans endured lost of fortunes, homes, jobs and personal tragedies. Very few alive today remember what it was like, and to the rest of us, it is just a piece of history that we can only imagine. The Great Depression reeked havoc on the stock market, banking, industries, and agriculture that led to massive unemployment, breadlines and fear that lasted over a decade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the stock market collapse, the New York banks became frightened and called in their loans to Germany and Austria. However, without the American money, Germans had to stop paying reparations to France and Britain. This was a chain reaction and they could not repay their war loans to America, therefore, the depression had spread to Europe. The U.S. Government tried to protect domestic industries form foreign competition by imposing the Hanley-Smoot Tariff of 1930. In retaliation governments worldwide sought economic recovery by adopting restrictive autarkic policies and by experimenting with new plans for their internal economics. As a result, global industrial production declined by thirty-six percent between 1929 and 1932. Worldwide trade dropped by an all time high of sixty-two percent. (Annals) The question of the day was, How did this happen?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mass speculation went on throughout the late 1920’s. In 1939 alone, record volumes of one-billion-one hundred twenty-four million-eight hundred thousand-four hundred and ten (1,124,800,410) shares were traded on the New York Stock Exchange. (Drewry) From early 1928 to September 1929 the Dow Jones Industrial Average rose from one hundred ninety one to three hundred eighty one. This sort of profit was irresistible to investors. Company earnings became of little interest; as long as stock prices continued to rise large profits could be made. Through the practice of buying stocks on margin , one could buy stocks without the money to purchase them. Investors went wild for this idea drove the market to unheard of high levels. By mid 1929 the total outstanding brokers’ loan was over seven billion dollars and eight and a half billion dollars over the next three months. Interest rates for broker loans were going for... ...d be a little more on the cautious side and take a good look at our own economy. We should take into account that it could happen again. The Great Depression was not the only depression or the longest, that title being held by the Long Depression of the late nineteenth century, nor was it the sharpest in contraction. The one after the first World War being a deeper drop, it represented the greatest fall from the general trend-line of growth. Are the signs there that we are headed for another downturn? Are we all a little to at ease with our economy? Maybe we should take a closer look. Bibliography Works Cited Boardman, F.W. The Thirties: America and the Great Depression. N.Y. Henry Z. Walcki Inc. 1967. Drewry, Robert and A.J. O’Connor. The Indigenous Role in Business Enterprise. New Guinea: New Guinea Reasearch Unit 1970 Schraff, Anne E. The Great Depression and The New Deal. NY Franklin Watts 1990 The Annals of America Vol.15. 1929-1939 The Great Depression. William Benton & Encyclopedia Britannica 1968 The Writers and Photographers of the Associated Press - 20th Century America – The Great Depression 1929-1939. Grolier Educational Corp. 1995.

Life with Brother Phil

One never realizes how easy life is when you are a child. Of course your â€Å"job† is to go to school and it seems as if life is hard; the responsibility of getting up and going to school, getting good grades, getting along with friends, parents, and siblings. However, as you get older, you realize how safe and protected you were.Summers actually meant free time and for me it meant true fun and games with my brother Phillip. Philip was the type of boy even the adults trusted. When something happened and adults needed to get to the â€Å"bottom† of the story, they turned to Philip knowing he’d tell them the truth despite any consequences.During this particular summer, Philip had invented a game similar to tag but which had us running through each other yards instead. The object of the game was to tag each other and then send them to the â€Å"nuthouse† set up in our yard. Ahhh, the memories of that summer and of the crazy games Philip dreamed up will give me pleasant dreams for life. Now, years later as we have grown up, some of that innocence has become lost. As I search Phillip’s eyes today, I no longer see the little boy of yesteryear with his eyes all aglow.Today Phillip is in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba as a photographer. One would think that this creative little boy could use that imagination and creativity through the lens of the camera, but that is not the case where he lives. His pictures tell the story of the landscape; a landscape awash with dirt, broken coral and a quiet, discontent shoreline. And a story of a big brother who grew up from a bright starry eyed child into an adult who sees the real world as ugly as it truly is behind the eyes of a camera.

Chicana Feminist Writer Gloria Anzaldua

Chicana Feminist Writer Gloria Anzaldua Feminist Gloria Anzaldua was a guiding force in the  Chicano and Chicana movement  and  lesbian/queer theory.  She was a poet, activist, theorist, and teacher who lived from September 26, 1942, to May 15, 2004. Her writings blend styles, cultures, and languages, weaving together poetry, prose, theory, autobiography, and experimental narratives. Life in the Borderlands Gloria Anzaldua was born in the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas in 1942. She described herself as a Chicana/Tejana/lesbian/dyke/feminist/writer/poet/cultural theorist, and these identities were just the beginning of the ideas she explored in her work. Gloria Anzaldua was the daughter of a Spanish American and an American Indian. Her parents were farm workers; during her youth, she lived on a ranch, worked in the fields and became intimately aware of the Southwest and South Texas landscapes. She also discovered that Spanish speakers existed on the margins in the United States. She began to experiment with writing and gain awareness of social justice issues. Gloria Anzaldua’s book Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, published in 1987, is the story of existence in several cultures near the Mexico/Texas border. It is also the story of Mexican-Indian history, mythology, and cultural philosophy. The book examines physical and emotional borders, and its ideas range from Aztec religion to the role of women in Hispanic culture to how lesbians find a sense of belonging in a straight world. The hallmark of Gloria Anzaldua’s work is the interweaving of poetry with prose narrative. The essays interspersed with poetry in Borderlands/La Frontera reflect her years of feminist thought and her non-linear, experimental manner of expression. Feminist Chicana Consciousness Gloria Anzaldua received her bachelor’s degree in English from the University of Texas-Pan American in 1969 and a master’s in English and Education from the University of Texas at Austin in 1972. Later in the 1970s, she taught a course at UT-Austin called â€Å"La Mujer Chicana.† She said that teaching the class was a turning point for her, connecting her to the queer community, writing and feminism. Gloria Anzaldua moved to California in 1977, where she devoted herself to writing. She continued to participate in political activism, consciousness-raising, and groups such as the Feminist Writers Guild. She also looked for ways to build a multicultural, inclusive feminist movement. Much to her dissatisfaction, she discovered there were very few writings either by or about women of color.   Some readers have struggled with the multiple languages in her writings – English and Spanish, but also variations of those languages. According to Gloria Anzaldua, when the reader does the work of piecing together fragments of language and narrative, it mirrors the way feminists must struggle to have their ideas heard in a patriarchal society. The Prolific 1980s Gloria Anzaldua continued to write, teach, and travel to workshops and speaking engagements throughout the 1980s. She edited two anthologies that collected the voices of feminists of many races and cultures. This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color was published in 1983 and won the Before Columbus Foundation American Book Award. Making Face Making Soul/Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color was published in 1990. It included writings by famous feminists such as Audre Lorde and Joy Harjo, again in fragmented sections with titles such as â€Å"Still Trembles our Rage in the Face of Racism† and â€Å"(De)Colonized Selves. Other Life Work Gloria Anzaldua was an avid observer of art and spirituality and brought these influences to her writings as well. She taught throughout her life and worked on a doctoral dissertation, which she was unable to finish due to health complications and professional demands. UC Santa Cruz later awarded her a posthumous Ph.D. in literature. Gloria Anzaldua won many awards, including the National Endowment for the Arts Fiction Award and the Lambda Lesbian Small Press Book Award. She died in 2004 from complications related to diabetes. Edited by Jone Johnson Lewis

Changes and Continuities in Commerce in the Indian Ocean Region from 650 to 1750 C.E. Essay Example

Changes and Continuities in Commerce in the Indian Ocean Region from 650 to 1750 C.E. Essay Example Changes and Continuities in Commerce in the Indian Ocean Region from 650 to 1750 C.E. Paper Changes and Continuities in Commerce in the Indian Ocean Region from 650 to 1750 C.E. Paper Changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian ocean region from 650 to 1750 C. E. In the period between 650 C. E. and 1750 C. E. , the Indian Ocean region endured both change and continuity. One continuity is simply trade, for this 1,100 years the Indian ocean was an important trading zone. One change in Indian ocean trade over those years was which country dominated trade their. Over those years the Indian ocean was controlled by the Indians, the Arabs, the Chinese, and last but not least the Europeans. Their was continuity and change in trade in the Indian ocean over the aforementioned years. In the Indian ocean from 650 C. E. and 1750 C. E. there have been many continuities in commerce. One such continuity was the goods traded. For instance, spices from India and Indonesia such as black pepper were traded constantly to other countries throughout this period. Luxury products such as ebony, silk and fine textiles were also commonly traded in the Indian ocean. / Another example of continuity would be that although no one country always dominated trade in the Indian ocean the Indians and Indonesians were involved with trade to varying degrees throughout this entire time period. Weather it be threw their products being traded, receiving goods from other countries, or doing the trading themselves, they were always involved in trade. / One more example of continuity was how Indian ocean trade stayed so important over the years. Almost all major world powers did trading in the Indian ocean, Europe for instance went to great lengths to find a better trade root between the Atlantic and Indian ocean. The desire to trade in the Indian ocean region is actually what caused Europeans to discover the Americas. The Europeans were looking for a sea rout to get to Asia without going all the way around Africa, so they tried to go around the world, not knowing yet of the Americas existence. Their desire to trade urged them to explore new frontiers. There are many examples of continuity in Indian ocean commerce between 650 and 1750 C. E. In the Indian ocean from 650 C. E. and 1750 C. E. there have been many changes in commerce. One change in commerce over the years was who dominated Trade in The Indian Ocean. Over the course of this time period the Indian ocean trade was dominated by the Indians, the Chinese the Arabs and even the istant European powers. Their were also changes in what goods were traded. Some trade goods like the exotic animals taken from Africa to China that weren’t traded for longer then a few decades. The reason Ming China had imported animals was because they were in an age of exploration at the time and wanted to have some animals for their exotic royal zoo. Also sen ding great explorers like Zheng He showed their ability to travel to distant lands and take what they please. Another change was how things were traded. Over the course of the 1,100 years described many changes occurred in the world of sailing. China had many of these inventions with in it’s walls before this time period. China was so Ethnocentric . that they did not spread their inventions till generations after they were made, and even then it was often by accident The compass were great improvements on how sailors navigated to their destinations. The ships them selves also changed throughout this period. The Chinese Junks were incredible ships, vastly larger then the ones Columbus used, They were equipped with cannons to defend them selves from pirates and were, in their time the most impressive ships on the water. There are changes in commerce in the Indian ocean between 650 and 1750 C. E. Many changes and continuities and in commerce in the Indian ocean occurred between 650 and 1750 C. E. Indian ocean trade can even be related to the discovery of America. Some examples of continuities are; who was involved in trade, what was traded, who dominated trade. Examples of change are; how things were traded, the importance of trade, and what was traded. There were many changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian ocean.

Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outline Example Upon recruitment, players in the two industries must establish viable strategies for retaining the skilled employees. Players in the hospitality and tourism industry should develop career promotional campaigns as a method of attracting and retaining skilled employees (Australian Government, 2015, p.29). The companies, through the campaign programs, can enlighten prospective employees the career opportunities and growth programs the industry can offer. Players in the tourism sector should advocate the inclusion of tourism education in the curriculum of the system (Shakeela, Breakey, & Ruhanen, 2012, p.35). Education creates awareness and encourages youths to pursue further training in fields related to the industry. To bridge the gap of skilled labor shortage during the peak season, the hospitality, and tourism companies should incorporate outsourcing as an intervention measure (Davidson & Wang, 2011, p.239). Hiring of qualified employees during the peak season in hotels and tourism agencies lead to enhanced efficiency in handling the influx of tourism. Outsourcing is relatively cheap and convenient because the companies do not need to incur the high cost of labor during low season. Hotel and Tourism companies need to strategize on the method of recruiting new employees into the industry. The recruits must possess the necessary qualifications in terms of academia for the jobs, as this will influence directly on performance (Hui-O & Hsin-Wei, 2011, p.205). Companies must evaluate what skills they are in need of prior to recruitment. Besides the skills, attitude and capability of the newcomers need require thorough vetting to ascertain their suitability for the industry. Adjustment of remuneration packages for the skilled workforce in the hotel and tourism industry is instrumental in the retention of employees (Daft, 2010, p.310). Salaries and allowances

Coursework of Qualitative and Ouantitative Research Essay

Coursework of Qualitative and Ouantitative Research - Essay Example (selecting respondents to match certain criteria, e.g. socio- emographic) the more cost-effective, and still reliable. While it may seem most cost-effective to buy in a mailing list (which may be sold as a "sample"), it is highly likely that the poor quality of the list, and the resultant low response rate will produce highly misleading and unreliable results. A larger sample is better than a smaller one, but not in direct proportion; for example, for the analysis to be twice as good, a sample needs to be four times as large, and to be three times as good, nine times as large. A professional agency will be able to advise on the way to achieve the best balance between quality, quantity and cost in sampling to produce reliable findings. Quantitative Data Collection Different methods are used to go ahead with a quantitative research including telephone, postal , on-line and face-to-face methods . In addition, observation studies are growing in popularity. Each has its pros and cons, depending on the time and budget constraints and objectives of the research. For example, postal surveys or self completion surveys are likely to be recommended only in certain circumstances. Quantitative Question-Design Very distinct skills are required to undertake qualitative or quantitative research effectively. Researchers have to be able to design questions which are clear, consistently interpreted, widely understood, unambiguous, meaningful, relevant and tightly defined a more difficult task than it may appear to outsiders. In addition, the full questionnaire must be capable of extracting rich and relevant information which will help managers to make more effective...Therefore , the need is for smaller but focused samples rather than large random samples , which qualitative research categorizes data into patterns as the primary basis for organising and reporting results. 4."It certainly seems reasonable to suggest that one may have a better understanding of a community member's situation by reading a descriptive passage than just looking at demographic statistics"(Kruger,2003)

FINISH LINE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FINISH LINE - Essay Example Connick mentions that seasonal sales period is a high time for a store to make greater profits, but it comes with difficulties, as well. During the busy season, avoiding stock out is imperative. A seasonal stock should be carefully monitored on a daily basis and to avoid empty stock, the store manager must call the warehouse every day for that. Finish Line must take care of everyday pricing, assortment, space management, inventory management on a daily basis, and must show prowess in handling business decisions when it comes to seasonal products. There are many people complaining about wrong shoe size or the shoes that are outdated in fashion terms. There are researches, like the one mentioned by Better Health Channel (2013), that put high emphasis on foot care when it comes to running and jogging. So, the customers need the types of shoes that are not only in fashion but also take care of their feet. The buyers are the ones that have to face a lot of risk because even if Finish Line takes three months as its lead time, the other shoe making companies mentioned in the case study take at least six months. This means that customers have to wait for long to see what would be the changes in fashion in the offing. A new fashion is most likely to show up in six months. If the customer rates store A high in style-by-style ranking, store B lesser than that and store C the least in ranking then Finish Line would have to make decisions in keeping the inventory of store A available at all the time. The reason is very evident; if the customers have ranked according to style, then this means that they are fashion conscious and want to look up to date in shoe styling. This gives rise to the fact that the customers that ranked store A high in style would, most of the times, like to buy from store A. Straightforwardly, Finish Line would have to take special care of inventory management at store A. Considering this scenario

Too Much of a Good Thing Essay Example for Free

Too Much of a Good Thing Essay To persuade my audience to be cautious in using medicines and supplements that are usually considered beneficial. Central idea:Medicines and supplements that can be beneficial are sometimes harmful if ingested in large amounts. Introduction 1. Attention-getter There is an old saying that â€Å"Too much a good thing is wonderful. † Is it always true? A young woman went out on her sailboat one Friday afternoon. She suffered a back injury, causing terrible back pain. For pain relief, she took a painkiller. For the next three days, she ingested the pills at more than twice the recommended dosage. On Tuesday, four days after she started the pills, she died en route to the hospital from liver damage. 2. Credibility Since I heard about the story, I have done some research in this area. 3. Preview of main points Today I’m going to talk about the problem of taking excessive amounts of drugs and then discuss the possible solutions. (Transition: Let’s examine the problem in more detail. ) Body I. Many people don’t know that taking excessive amounts of medicines and supplements can be dangerous. A. Ambien, a sleeping pill, makes you sleepy, so will you go to sleep faster if you increase the dosage? 1. Perhaps, but you could suffer breathing problems, and even lapse into a coma and die. 2. This is the finding of Dr. Daniel F. Kripke, professor of psychiatry at University of California, San Diego. (The Dark Side of Sleeping Pills) B. Ibuprofen relieves pain, but if too much is taken, it can cause gastrointestinal bleeding after just three days. (General Practitioner) C. Dr. Bill Edwards, director of inpatient care at Children’s Hospital in Peoria, IL, relates the story of a child patient. 1. The child displayed all the signs of a brain tumor (dizziness, pressure inside the head, extreme headache, and blurry vision). 2. Tests could find no evidence of a tumor. 3. Further tests revealed an overdose of vitamin A. D. Vitamin A and other vitamins can be toxic in large amounts. (Dr. Joshua Hamilton, professor of toxicology at Dartmouth College) 1. Too much vitamin B6 can cause nerve damage to arms and legs. . Too much vitamin C can cause kidney stones. 3. Too much vitamin D can damage kidneys. (Transition: We’ve seen the problem – what is the solution? ) II. The solution is to be cautious and well-informed. A. Collaborate with your doctor on which pills, vitamins, and supplements you should take. B. Always study labels for dosage directions and never take more than the recommended amount. C. Be aware of possible compl ications. 1. Even if you take the recommended dosage of one medicine, there can be a toxic interaction if you are taking other drugs at the same time. . Make a list of all vitamins, supplements, and pills that you use, and include the amounts you consume. 3. Ask your doctor and pharmacist to analyze the list to make sure you are safe. D. Educate yourself. 1. See health books in a library or buy them at a bookstore. 2. Subscribe to health magazines and newsletters. E. Be careful with health info on the Internet. 1. You can trust reputable sites, such as the health sections of ABC News, MSNBC, and CBS. 2. But be cautious when search for health information using a search engine like Google. Dr. Kathis Kemper, Holistic Pediatrician) 3. Going back to Dr. Edwards and the child who overdosed on vitamin A, do you know why the child consumed megadosage? 4. The parents had been persuaded by some Websites that vitamin A is a cure for hyperactive children who can’t concentrate in school. 5. A Web search will turn up hundreds of sites that tout the healing powers of vitamin A. 6. These sites are devoted to selling supplements, so you can’t trust them to be objective. (Transition: Let’s summarize. ) Conclusion I. Summary A. Substances that can be good for you are sometimes harmful if ingested in large amounts. B. Collaborate with your doctor and pharmacist. C. Always stay within the recommended dosage. D. Stay well-informed by consulting books, magazines, and reliable websites. II. Closing remarks We know we can’t always accept the old saying, â€Å"Too much of a good thing is wonderful. † Better advice is another saying, â€Å"Too much of a good thing can be awful.

The 1920s Essay -- essays research papers

The 1920’s The 1920's were a decade of enjoyment, employment, and for some disappointment. It was a decade classified as the "roaring twenties." Men returning from World War I had to deal with unemployment, wheat farmers and oil companies were striking it rich, new modern conveniences were being thought up, and fashion was a major issue among the rich. During the twenties the economy had a definite impact on the society. It benefited some, but hurt others. The people that benefited were the prairie farmers and the oil companies. The people who didn’t benefit were American soldiers returning from WW1. Around the middle of the twenties, a wheat farmer was the person to be. Business was booming for all the wheat farmers, places like Europe, which were in war, were hungry for American’s wheat and contributed tremendous business to the American wheat industries. Farmers began making more money than ever before, and they started buying farm machinery to take place of their cattle and horses. Prices of wheat were at an all time high, which gave America’s wheat industry an even bigger advantage and a bigger form of money making in our economy. American soldiers on the other hand who had returned from war were expecting to be employed when they returned, but not even after fighting for their country could they get a job . It was very hard to get a job because women and immigrants had taken them all during the war. American soldiers were surprised at how difficult it was to...